Me & My friends performing instrumental music for charity program in London.

Indian Double reed [ ] • • • • • • Flute [ ] • - double flute • • (Carnatic flute) Pullanguzhal Bagpipes [ ] • • • Free reed [ ] • • Free reed and bellows [ ] • • Brass [ ] • Bigul - see • • • • • Kahal • • Turi • [ ] Hand drums [ ] • • • Dimadi • • • • • Ghat singhari or Gada Singari • • Gummeta • • • Kinpar and Dhopar (Tribal Drums) • • • • • • • • Pakhavaj Jori - Sikh instrument similar to Tabla • • • Shuddha Madalam or • Tabala / Tabl / Chameli - goblet drum • • - set of Tablas • Tamte • Thanthi Panai • •, Tumbaknari, Tumbaknaer • •. Of Yakshagana Hand frame drums [ ] • Daff, duff, daf or duf - medium or large frame drum without jingles, of Persian origin • Dimdi or dimri - small frame drum without jingles • - small frame drum with one jingle • Kansi - small drum without jingles • - medium frame drum played with hands Stick and hand drums [ ] • • • • • • • • • • • Stick drums [ ] • • • • - pair of kettledrums • - unit of two cylindrical drums • Parai, halgi - frame drum played with two sticks • • Stick daff or stick duff - daff in a stand played with sticks • • Tasha - type of • Timki • Idiophones [ ].

The culture of Kerala is a beautiful amalgamation of both Aryan and Dravidian cultures. Local inhabitants embraced even those that came from outside India and made it their own. All these lead to a rich diversity in the development of its arts — traditional, ritualistic and folk, with music and rhythmic set-up that differs from the present-day classical raga and tala system ( paddhati).

The music of Kerala with regards to its ragas, talas, songs and musical instruments ( vadyas), find distinctive expressions that are highly advanced, imaginative, typical and sublime. The unique feature found in the songs, no matter where those songs are rendered, is their being set to metres — chandobaddham, with two important kriyas, the sasabda kriya (sound) and the nissabda kriya (silent), the two important modes of executing rhythm in the ancient tala paddhati. Needless to state that these talas were in vogue much prior to the present Sooladi sapta talas, where the beat and finger counts determine the different talas. The term ‘tala’ is derived from the word ‘Tal’ meaning ‘base’. In other words it is the rhythm that provides stability to all forms of gita (music), vadya (instrument) and nritta (dance). Indian music has innumerable time measures found in different genres of musical forms, without a parallel in the music of any other country in the world.

Temple tradition The divine origin of talas, mentioned in several ancient texts continues as a living tradition in the temple music of Kerala, the Sopana sangeetham. The glorification of deities, ragas and talas can be observed in tyaanis or the dhyaana slokas rendered through kottipadi seva, a temple service offered by a Marar, the temple drummer who sings, keeping the tala on the edakka. Specific talas such as Panchaari, Muri-adanta, Adanta, Chempata, Triputa and Ekam are adopted for rendering of these tyaanis. Likewise the temple percussion or the kshetra tala vadyas too are given divine origin and the sound of their beats to sacred words.

The two sounds ‘TA – TOM’ produced on the timila, reflect the two sacred words ‘TAT TVAM’ ( Tat Tvam Asi, Chandogya Upanishad). With the development of raga, as seen in the present-day Indian classical music, tala became a subordinate to the raga. But, in Kerala, the drumming became more predominant and tala got freed from this subjugation. Thus, thayambaka shaped the tala-vadya-laya-vinyasa and Pancharimelam, Pandimelam, Panchavadyam and so on shaped the tala vrinda vadya. Even the raga alapana is tala-bound, progressing towards a climax through different speeds of singing and rhythm. The alapana starts from the patikaala — the lowest speed, gradually increasing in speed to shatkaala — its highest speed, without making the listener aware of the changes in speed. So also the soft sounding of the tala while rendering raga alapana is an important feature of Sopana sangeetham, especially found in Kathakali where the two singers, ponnani (main) and sinkidi (supporting), render the raga alapana to beats on the talas (Kuzitalam and Chengala).

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In Bechukotai, God tells the people of Israel that if they follow God’s commandments, they will be provided with rain to feed their crops. God permits the use of slaves but provides stipulations including the obligation to eventually free your slaves. Chertezh kompas isparitelj kozhuhotrubchatij.