Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology The name Bulgaria is derived from the, a tribe of origin that founded the country. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD, but it is possibly derived from the word bulģha ('to mix', 'shake', 'stir') and its derivative bulgak ('revolt', 'disorder'). The meaning may be further extended to 'rebel', 'incite' or 'produce a state of disorder', i.e. The 'disturbers'. Ethnic groups in with phonologically similar names were frequently described in similar terms: during the 4th century, the, a component of the ' groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a 'mixed race' and 'troublemakers'. Odrysian golden in the remains dating to around 150,000 years ago, or the, are some of the earliest traces of human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria. The arose circa 6,500 BC and was one of several societies in the region that thrived on.

The (fifth millennium BC) is credited with inventing. The associated contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years. The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies.

The, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern, appeared on the some time before the 12th century BC. The Thracians excelled in and gave the the and cults, but remained tribal and stateless. The Persian conquered most of present-day Bulgaria in the 6th century BC and retained control over the region until. The invasion became a catalyst for Thracian unity, and the bulk of their tribes united under king to form the in the 470s BC. It was weakened and vassalized by in 341 BC, attacked in the 3rd century, and finally of the in AD 45. By the end of the 1st century AD, Roman governance was established over the entire Balkan Peninsula and began spreading in the region around the 4th century. The —the first book—was created by bishop in what is today northern Bulgaria around 381.

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The region came under control after the in 476. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions. This enabled the to enter the Balkan Peninsula as marauders, primarily through an area between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains known as. Gradually, the interior of the peninsula became a country of the, who lived under a. The Slavs assimilated the partially,, and Thracians in the rural areas.

First Bulgarian Empire. Khan Krum feasts with his nobles after the battle of Pliska.

His servant (far right) brings the wine-filled of. Not long after the Slavic incursion, was once again invaded, this time by the under. Their horde was a remnant of, an extinct tribal confederacy situated north of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Moesia and conquered the Slavic tribes there in 680. A peace treaty with the was signed in 681, marking the foundation of the. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste.